The anterior cruciate ligament is one of four important stabilising ligaments in the knee. The role of the anterior cruciate ligament is to resist the combined motions of your tibia (shin bone) moving forwards on your femur (thigh bone) and internal rotation of your tibia (2). It originates from the bottom of your femur and attaches to the top of your tibia.
Anterior cruciate ligament injuries are often talked about in the media linked to football and other sports, with many high-profile athletes having suffered such injuries. Our understanding of the best approaches in the management of such injuries has developed a lot over the past 20 years. Improving general knee stability, balance and strength have been shown to reduce the risk of knee ligament injury. When recovering from anterior cruciate ligament injuries, regaining the same stability is a key goal to achieve the best possible rehabilitation outcome.
The anterior cruciate ligament normally tears during a sudden injury. The most common mechanism of injury is when the foot is planted and the rotational forces applied to the anterior cruciate ligament are greater than the ligament’s capacity. 75% of anterior cruciate ligament injuries occur during non-contact or minimal contact (7).
This is not an exhaustive list. These factors could increase the likelihood of someone developing an anterior cruciate ligament injury. It does not mean everyone with these risk factors will develop symptoms.
In the general population, the incidents of developing an anterior cruciate ligament injury are less than 1%. However, this is higher in individuals who participate in sports that involve multidirectional movements. It is more common in women than men and it is more common in people under the age of 25 years old.
Musculoskeletal physiotherapists and other appropriately qualified healthcare professionals can provide you with a diagnosis by obtaining a detailed history of your symptoms. A series of physical tests might be performed as part of your assessment to rule out other potentially involved structures and gain a greater understanding of your physical abilities to help facilitate an accurate working diagnosis.
Your treating clinician will want to know how your condition affects you day-to-day so that treatment can be tailored to your needs and personalised goals can be established. Intermittent reassessment will ascertain if you are making progress towards your goals and will allow appropriate adjustments to your treatment to be made.
As part of your treatment, your musculoskeletal physiotherapist will help you to understand the condition and what needs to be implemented to effectively rehabilitate after an anterior cruciate ligament injury. This will include a detailed progressive strength programme and rehabilitation programme that should be performed under a physiotherapist’s guidance.
Compliance with rehabilitation after an anterior cruciate ligament injury is key to preventing reinjury and returning to sport safely, allowing you to perform at a pre-injury level.
Pre-operative Rehabilitation
Your physiotherapist will have a conversation with you providing education around anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation and expectations. The primary goal after an anterior cruciate ligament injury is to reduce swelling and pain, then regaining knee extension. This is vital as a pre-operative deficit in knee extension range of movement is a significant risk factor for post-operative knee extension deficit (9). Additionally, regaining quadriceps strength pre-operatively to <20% deficit of the uninjured side provides a better outcome post-operatively so compliance with a pre-operative rehabilitation is important (9). Your physiotherapist will take you through strength, neuromuscular and cardiovascular training at an appropriate level to ensure the best outcomes post-operatively. Prehabilitation creates better outcomes 2 years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (11).
Post-operative Rehabilitation
Post-operative rehabilitation should be criteria-based rather than time-based (10). As you progress through rehabilitation, regular outcome measures will be taken to advise yourself and the physiotherapist when you should progress through the different stages of rehabilitation.
Concomitant surgery will influence rehabilitation timeframes and demands, particularly important with regards to early-stage weight-bearing, however, your physiotherapist will discuss this with you.
The primary goals post-operatively are the reduction of swelling and pain, and to normalise your walking pattern and patella mobility as soon as possible. The physiotherapist will prescribe exercises to regain knee extension and flexion within the first few days post-operatively. Full knee extension should be retained as early as possible, ideally within the first few weeks, and knee flexion should be regained fully within the first 6 weeks.
Quadricep activation exercises should start within the first few days post-operatively, progressing onto closed kinetic chain exercises at the knee between 0-60º. It is important that we do not solely focus on the knee joint and look to strengthen the entire lower limb including the glute, calf and hamstring with exercises focusing on muscle hypertrophy.
Cardiovascular training on a static bike can begin when 100º of knee flexion is achieved and neuromuscular training should begin in the first few weeks (8,9). Pain should not exceed 3/10 on your perceived pain scale whilst completing this exercise programme.
When certain criteria have been met, you can then progress to the next stage of rehabilitation. During this stage, you will start to complete more dynamic exercises, including progressing onto single leg open and closed chain exercises and low-level plyometric exercises. Focus in the early phase of this stage will continue to be increasing load capacity, muscle hypertrophy and eventually returning to running (9,11). Pain should not exceed 4/10 whilst completing this exercise programme.
In the later stages of rehabilitation, you will start to develop your single-leg multi plantar and multisegmental movements. This is important to develop as the role of your injured anterior cruciate ligament is to prevent multi-planar movements. Sports-specific rehabilitation should begin involving visual-motor training (15). Strength and power work must continue through the intermediate and advanced stages of rehabilitation, making sure there is the incorporation of exercises addressing the limb’s rate of force development. It is important to be strong and powerful but, as peak anterior cruciate ligament strain can be seen very early on in a movement (within less than a second), it is important that our muscles are not only strong but are able to react quickly to protect the ligaments from excessive pressures (14). Pain should not exceed 4/10 whilst completing this exercise programme.
Return to sport can be expected between 6-12 months post-operatively. If return to sport is delayed from 6 months until 9 months, the rate of re-injury is reduced by 51% (12), so being patient during the rehabilitation process is vital. Ideally, limb symmetry should be as good as possible before returning to sport (13). When returning to field sports, a specific rehabilitation programme should have been completed prior to return, along with fatigue-based testing, to ensure you are able to manage the cardiovascular demands of your sport.
Ultimately return to sport should be a shared decision-making process between the physiotherapist and the patient, considering patient concerns and levels of anxiety on returning to sport. It is important to note that returning to sport does not equal a return to performance.
For patients wanting to achieve a high level of function or return to sport, we would encourage a consultation with a physiotherapist as you will likely require further progression beyond the advanced rehabilitation stage. Before returning to the sport, a rehabilitation programme should incorporate plyometric-based exercises; this might include things like bounding, cutting, and sprinting exercises.
As part of a multi-modal treatment approach, your musculoskeletal physiotherapist may also use a variety of other pain-relieving treatments to support symptom relief and recovery. Whilst recovering you might benefit from a further assessment to ensure you are making progress and establish the appropriate progression of treatment. Ongoing support and advice will allow you to self-manage and prevent future reoccurrence.
Most commonly, this injury will require surgery. In some cases, it is possible to improve the condition and get back to a good quality of life without surgery. However, return to full sporting activity is uncommon. The surgery involves taking one of the tendons (normally from the other leg) to make a graft and using that to replace the ligament. Although this is major surgery, successful outcomes are achieved in 85%-90% of the cases. Recovery time from surgery is typically 6-12 months.
Structural knee injury, triggered either by a tear or through wear and tear.
Seen to be normal as we age, but in some situations can result in knee aches, pain or joint swelling.
Knee pain at the lower border of the kneecap which is also known as ‘jumper’s knee’.
With PCN partnerships from Cornwall to Durham, Weston-Super-Mare to Southwold, our network of specialist physiotherapists operate face-to-face or remotely depending on your local needs.
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